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by on 05 Mar 2018
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The ability to segment words into sounds and the ability to blend sounds into words (oral blending and segmenting) are vital prerequisite skills for spelling and reading. Young children learning the English language initially perceive words as whole units, as their focus is meaning. They have to be explicitly taught that words are made up of a sequence of speech sounds (phonemes). Development of this understanding requires direct instruction, modelling, and lots of practice opportunities for breaking words apart into their component sounds and putting those sounds back together to form words. It is tempting to plunge straight into phonics in the first year of school, but if you spend a little time on oral blending and segmenting, it will make blending and segmenting with letters easier!
This blog post will talk about the steps involved in developing oral segmenting and blending skills and suggest activities teachers and parents can use.
Start at the Very Beginning
Phonemes are the smallest units of spoken language and can be quite hard to identify due to co-articulation*. Some phonemes are particularly hard to identify if the child’s first language does not contain those phonemes, if the child has auditory functioning or processing difficulties or if the child has a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia. It makes sense, therefore, to start to teach the skills of segmenting and blending with larger language units – words and syllables. It is also important that activities initially focus on listening and speaking and not involve written words or letters. Later, systematic teaching of the letter-sound correspondences used in written words, such as that provided in Phonics Hero, will strengthen phonemic awareness because its focus is the phoneme level of language.
How to Systematically Teach Oral Blending and Segmenting:
1. Segmenting into Words
Development of the skill of segmenting should begin with segmenting sentences into words. Start with very short sentences and build up to longer sentences. Before introducing the visual concept of gaps between words, use physical movement to represent the boundaries between words. Here are some suggestions:
- Start with basic commands (e.g. ‘Come here’, ‘Sit down now’). Place hoops in a line on the floor with a little space between them. The child should jump into a different hoop for each word, starting with the left hoop and jumping to the right (in the reading direction).
- Have three children stand side-by-side in front of the room. Read a three-word sentence. When the first word is read, the first child should jump forward, when the second word is read, the second child should jump forward, etc. Begin by pointing to each child when it is time to jump. The child on the left of the onlookers should jump first. Use the words ‘first’, ‘next’, and ‘last’ in talking about word order.
- Seat children in a circle. Say a sentence. The children should take it in turns to repeat the words of the sentence, one word at a time, in the correct order, rolling a ball from one speaker to the next as each word is said.
- Say a sentence. Have the children repeat the sentence and use blocks or other objects to represent the words, building a snake that shows how many words are in the sentence. Later, have the children put ticks or counters in a row of squares for each word they hear or draw a dash for each word.
2. Singing and Segmenting into Syllables
Word Work Teach To Be Happy Birthday Wishes
When teachers have children accompany both syllables and sounds with clapping, the children often end up struggling to differentiate a syllable from a sound. I ask children to sing syllables (as in “Hap-py-birth-day-to-you”) and make the connection between syllables, rhythm and music. The notes used are irrelevant. Discriminate first between one- and two-syllable words, then two- and three-syllable words and so on. You can emphasise the link to rhythm by asking them to use a musical instrument or move body parts (e.g. make robot-like jerky movements) to show syllables. Some teachers have children stand and touch their head-shoulders-knees and toes in the order of the syllables as they say a word.
If you want children to truly understand how syllables work, teach them to put a finger under their chin and feel it move when they say each syllable in a word. There should be one ‘jaw drop’ for each syllable because the vowel in the syllable causes a jaw drop. Begin with compound words such as ‘snow-man’.
To make the link between number of syllables and length of a word, laminate our paw-print and space them out on the floor. Say a word and ask the child to walk on the correct number of paw prints, one step per syllable, saying the word. Syllables can also be represented with blocks or rods on a table.
We’ve made some free syllable cards. Here are some ideas for how to use them:
- The child should sing the name of the object pictured and place the picture under the number card that represents the count e.g. ‘el-e-phant’ would be placed under 3.
- Alternatively, you can give children a number and ask them to match the number of syllables with a picture card.
- Children can play ‘Snap’ with picture cards, with a match being the number of syllables in the names of two consecutive pictures. Independently, children can match the picture and numbers cards together.
- Say a multi-syllable word for the children. They must repeat the word, one syllable at a time, throwing a beanbag to the next child as they say their syllable. Use our syllable wordlist so you don’t get stuck thinking of a word!
- Play Syllable Bingo with numbers between 1 and 4 written on each square. The teacher says a word. The children place a counter on the square representing the number of syllables in that word. Play continues until one player has covered all the spaces in a row across, down or diagonally on his card.
Segmentation of words into onset (the consonant/s before the first vowel sound) and rime (the vowel sound and everything that follows it) is often introduced as the next stage as the isolation of an initial sound is usually easier than isolation of the sounds that follow. This segmentation can help children to read and spell by analogy but can also lead to undue focus on the initial sound and guessing of the rime in reading.
3. Segmenting Phonemes
Teachers often talk about segmenting a word into phonemes as ‘stretching’ the word. A visual and tactile support for this concept is saying the word with hands together, palms inward, and moving them out from each other as each sound in the word is said in order. Putting an elastic band around the hands allows the ‘stretch’ to be felt more easily. I’ve seen teachers use a ‘slinky’ in a similar way. Saying words in phonemes is sometimes referred to, for children, as ‘sound talk’, ‘robot talk’ or ‘snail talk’.
‘Sound buttons’ can be used to represent the sounds in segmented words. The child puts down a counter for each sound he hears, often in a ‘phoneme frame’ (originally called Elkonin boxes). The child can then be asked to put a finger on the ‘button’ and say the sound it represents in the word.
Battery-operated push lights are an attractive variation on this idea. Start with segmenting words made up of two phonemes then contrast these with words of three phonemes before moving on to longer words. Phonics Hero incorporates phoneme segmentation without letters in the first spelling game on each level.
It can be hard for children to hear the component sounds in consonant blends, especially in the final position, (e.g. ‘nd’) so particular attention must be given to representing each sound in these. Fingers can be used to count sounds.
Game activities for segmenting include:
- Children move around a game board a number of spaces equivalent to the number of sounds in the picture card taken from the top of a pile of picture cards. Again use our picture cards.
- In pairs, children take it in turns to turn over a picture card from a pile. The one who has the picture with the highest number of phonemes takes the card/s of the other player. Play continues until one player has all of the cards.
4. Blending Syllables
Blending is the inverse of segmenting. Teaching the two skills side by side will help children to understand that relationship. Begin instruction in blending with compound words. Say each segment with a time-lapse long enough to challenge working memory (e.g. ‘foot – ball’) and ask the children to say the word faster, as one unit.
5. Blending Phonemes
When segmenting words into phonemes, the child stretches the word (and his elastic band or slinky). When he blends phonemes, he pushes the sounds (hands, elastic band or slinky) back into the original position. If he is using a phoneme frame, he can be asked to slide his finger quickly underneath each box, saying the sound in each box in order.
The image of children on a slippery slide can be useful in helping a young child to understand the smoothness and speed of movement and the ‘bumping into each other’ of the sounds in blending.
Blending activities should begin with words made up of continuous sounds (sounds that can be prolonged without distortion: /f/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /s/, /v/, /w/, /y/, /z/ and the vowel sounds) e.g. ‘ran’. The child should keep saying one sound until he identifies the next, not take a break between sounds, as this overloads working memory. The aim is smooth transition from one sound to the next. Words ending in a stop sound can be added when blending of continuous sounds has been mastered.
It is critical that pure sounds be used and that the schwa /uh/ is not added to the stop sound, as heard in ‘buh-a-tuh’ for ‘bat’. For more on schwa – read our blog post. When blending with stop sounds at the beginning of the word, prompt children to blend the stop sound with the continuous sound next to it. For instance, in ‘cat’, the /ca/ would be blended and the /t/ added.
Start with 2-phoneme words and build up gradually. The working memory span of a child will limit the number of sounds a child can recall and blend, so you should be aware of individual limitations.
Useful activities include:
- Rather than asking a child to slide a finger under each sound box, you might allow them to drive a small toy car below the boxes, saying the sounds, increasing the speed gradually.
- Use pictures as word identification aids for blending. e.g. ‘I spy with my little eye a /f/ /i/ /sh/. What can I see?’ A worksheet variation is having the child circle the picture of a word said in phonemes. The next step is using a feely bag and asking the child to identify an object not visible.
- Some teachers segment one word in a classroom instruction or a child’s name to give children practice in blending phonemes.
- In the game “Cross the River” each child is given an object. The caller says the name of an object in phonemes. Only a child with that object can cross the ‘river’ space without running or being caught.
Here is a great video demonstrating the teaching of oral blending and segmenting in a group setting:
Once a child is accurately segmenting and blending orally with consistency, she is ready for the addition of another cognitive layer – knowledge of letter-sound correspondence. For help adding segmenting and blending into your phonics lessons, try our no-prep Phonics Lessons, an interactive resource for teachers, for free.
Word Work Teach To Be Happy Birthday Card
*Coarticulation: the articulation of two or more phonemes together, so that one affects the sound of the other, e.g. when you say the word ‘happy’. Before you say anything, you will start breathing out, and you will have moved your tongue into position for ‘a ‘and started opening your mouth for ‘a’. Then, while you are hissing for ‘h’, it will sound a bit like a whispered ‘a’.
Author: Shirley Houston
With a Masters degree in Special Education, Shirley has been teaching children and training teachers in Australia for over 30 years. Working with children with learning difficulties, Shirley champions the importance of teaching phonics systematically and to mastery in mainstream classrooms.
If you are interested in Shirley’s help as a literacy trainer for your school, drop the team an email on info@phonicshero.com